What is the Miyawaki Method?
How tiny forests help boost biodiversity and create long lasting, resilient green spaces
In recent years, there has been an increasing focus in horticulture on practices that work with nature, rather than forcing it. Among these, an approach known as the Miyawaki Method has emerged as one of the most interesting techniques for creating resilient ‘tiny forests’, with dense and varied planting that is designed to grow rapidly, and thrive with minimal maintenance, even in small spaces and urban settings.
The method is named after Akira Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist born in 1928, who is internationally recognised for his work on natural vegetation and reforestation. As a professor at Yokohama National University, Miyawaki dedicated his career to the study and reconstruction of forest ecosystems, contributing to the creation of forests in over 1,300 sites worldwide. His approach has also earned him the prestigious ‘Blue Planet Prize’, one of the leading global awards for environmental sustainability.
The principle of the Miyawaki Method is simple yet powerful: recreating the ‘potential natural vegetation’ of a site, that is, the set of species that would grow spontaneously in that area without human intervention. This concept, developed during his studies in Japan and Europe, has guided Miyawaki in designing authentic and functional forest ecosystems.
Unlike traditional schemes, which often rely on just a few species and are aimed at production or aesthetics, the Miyawaki method focuses on more environmentally conscious outcomes, such as:
- ○ native species, adapted to the local climate;
- ○ high biodiversity, with multiple plant layers;
- ○ high planting density, to stimulate rapid growth.
The result is a forest that not only grows faster, but also becomes more stable and autonomous over time.
How the Miyawaki Method works
The Miyawaki Method follows a structured process that transforms a poor or degraded area into an active plant system. It all begins with an in-depth site analysis, which considers not only soil type, but also factors such as exposure, water availability, and climatic conditions. This step is essential for designing targeted interventions, especially in urban contexts where soil is frequently compacted, has low fertility, and is sparse in microbial life.
For this reason, one of the most important phases is soil preparation. The soil is worked thoroughly and improved with organic materials, such as compost or plant biomass, to increase its ability to retain water and nutrients. This allows for rapid root development and biological activity in the soil, which is essential for the future stability of the forest.
The next is plant composition, which ideally should be as varied as possible. Plant composition is one of the most vital parts of the Miyawaki method, as it determines the long-term stability and functionality of the entire ecosystem. It’s not simply a matter of choosing native species, but reconstructing a complete plant community based on the expected ecology of the area.
Selection begins with identifying species from the area’s potential natural vegetation. This includes the most prominent trees, as well as smaller plant species that play key roles, such as shrubs and understory plants. The goal is to create a stratified structure composed of different levels:
- ○ dominant species (tall trees) that will form the main canopy;
- ○ secondary species that occupy the intermediate space;
- ○ shrubs that protect the soil and promote biodiversity;
- ○ low canopy that contributes to the system’s stability.
Each level absorbs light, water, and nutrients differently, reducing direct competition and improving the system’s overall efficiency.
Another important aspect is species diversity. Unlike traditional plantings, where usually a few select varieties are chosen, in the Miyawaki Method, a large number of local species are planted. This diversity helps to increase resilience within the ecosystem: if one species struggles to adapt, others can compensate, maintaining balance and ensuring plant life in some capacity is able to thrive. Unlike a traditional scheme, the plants are not arranged in an orderly or repetitive pattern. The distribution is intentionally irregular and mixed, to mimic natural dynamics and encourage spontaneous interactions between species.
Over time, this initial planting evolves: some species grow faster and create shade, while others develop more slowly and find space in later stages. It is a dynamic, constantly adapting forest capable of sustaining itself with minimal maintenance. High-density planting is one of the most distinctive elements of the method. Placing more plants per square metre creates natural competition, accelerating growth and encouraging the development of stronger stems. At the same time, this density reduces the space available for weeds and contributes to rapid ground cover.
Once the planting phase is complete, an organic mulch is applied, which provides several uses: it protects the soil from erosion, maintains moisture, regulates temperature, and promotes the activity of beneficial organisms. In the early years, the system requires limited but targeted management, with irrigation during the driest periods and control of competitive species.
Over time, the forest reaches self-sufficiency. The closing of the canopy reduces light to the ground, naturally limiting weeds, while the organic litter gradually improves soil quality. In about 20–30 years, an ecosystem can be achieved that, under natural conditions, would take much longer to develop.
In addition to faster growth, this process also provides increased biodiversity, the return of beneficial insects and local fauna, improved microclimate, and increased soil carbon retention capacity. In this sense, the Miyawaki Method helps to reactivate entire ecological processes quickly and with minimal intervention.
Which plants are used in Miyawaki micro forests?
In the Miyawaki Method, the plants must reflect the local natural landscape. This means working with species that are already part of the local forest ecosystems and, in the UK, are accustomed to variable climate conditions, compact soils, and high humidity levels.
The micro forests are designed as mixed groups, with large trees, intermediate species, as well as a lower layer of shrubs and spontaneous vegetation.
Main trees (top layer)
These species will form the dominant structure of the forest over time:
Quercus robur
Commonly known as oak, they have deep roots that help retain water in the soil and prevent erosion. They are also effective in improving groundwater recharge. Quercus robur provides dense leaf cover that reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil.
Betula pendula
A fast-growing deciduous tree, native to northern Europe and parts of Asia, and well adapted to cold climates. Its pale bark reflects winter sunlight, reducing temperature fluctuations within the trunk, while its light canopy structure allows it to withstand snow loading and winter winds.
Acer campestre
Commonly known as Field maple, Acer campestre is a smaller tree or hedge, adding seasonal interest with its foliage in autumn. It tolerates shade and urban conditions well. It adds vertical structure, leaf colour, and connectivity to woodland species.
Tilia cordata
Commonly known as small-leaved lime, is a deciduous tree valued for its neat shape, heart-shaped leaves, and fragrant summer flowers that attract pollinators. It is widely used in urban planting due to its tolerance of pruning and different soil conditions.
Quercus robur
Betula pendula
Tillia cordata
Secondary and companion trees
This layer will support forest development and create structural variance:
Carpinus betulus
Known as common hornbeam, it is a deciduous tree with dense, finely textured foliage and a strong, structured form. It is widely used for hedging and screening, as it responds well to pruning and keeps dried leaves on its branches through winter until spring, when new leaves emerge.
Prunus avium
Known commonly as wild cherry, this deciduous tree is valued for its spring blossom, glossy bark, and edible cherries. It supports pollinators and wildlife and is often used in both landscapes and woodland planting.
Sorbus aucuparia
Commonly known as rowan or mountain ash, is a small deciduous tree with light foliage, spring flowers, and bright red berries that support birds and pollinators. It is well suited to a wide range of soils and exposed sites.
Carpinus betulus
Prunus avium
Shrubs and undergrowth
These plants are essential for protecting the soil and promoting biodiversity:
Corylus avellana
Commonly known as hazel. It is a deciduous shrub or small tree with edible nuts, early spring catkins, and wildlife support. It is suitable for hedgerows and natural planting, thriving in a range of soils and conditions.
Crataegus monogyna
A hardy deciduous tree or shrub commonly known as hawthorn, valued for its spring blossom, dense thorny habit, and red autumn berries that support wildlife. It is widely used for hedging and natural planting.
Ilex aquifolium
Colloquially known as common holly, this evergreen tree/shrub is known for its glossy, spiny leaves and bright red berries in winter. It provides year-round structure and strong support for wildlife, especially birds.
Euonymus europaeus
A deciduous shrub or small tree with striking pink and orange fruits and rich autumn colour. It supports wildlife and is well suited to hedgerows and natural planting schemes.
Corylus avellana
Ilex aquifolium
Euonymus europaeus
Low cover and accessory species
This layer contributes to soil stability and biology:
Dryopteris filix-mas
A hardy deciduous fern with arching green fronds and an ability to thrive in shaded, woodland conditions. It is widely used for naturalistic and underplanting schemes.
Festuca rubra
A fine-textured perennial grass with dense growth and tolerance of poor soils. It is used in lawns, meadows, and ground cover for low-maintenance planting.
Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Known as bluebell, it is a bulbous perennial with iconic, nodding blue flowers in spring. It thrives in woodland settings and supports early pollinators.
Dryopteris filix-mas
Hyacinthoides non-scripta
The Benefits of the Miyawaki Method for Commercial and Urban Projects
In commercial and urban landscaping, the Miyawaki method can offer a practical way to introduce high-performing green space into complex environments. Its dense planting approach allows vegetation to establish quickly, creating effective screening, reducing noise, and improving privacy within a relatively short time. This makes it particularly useful in locations such as business parks, residential developments, and infrastructure-led schemes where space is limited but environmental performance is important.
These compact woodlands also play a role in improving local microclimates. Built surfaces tend to absorb and retain heat, while dense vegetation provides shade and supports evapotranspiration, helping to moderate temperatures. This can contribute to more comfortable outdoor environments and support wider climate adaptation strategies in urban areas.
From an ecological perspective, the method encourages a rapid increase in biodiversity. With Biodiversity Net Gain legislation requiring projects to demonstrate a 10% uplift in the variety of wildlife and plants within a development, being able to introduce a dense, biodiverse habitat with minimal maintenance reqirements into a limited space is valuable. A diverse mix of native species creates habitat and food sources that attract pollinators, birds, and other wildlife. At the same time, the soil begins to recover through the continuous input of organic matter and the development of root systems, improving structure and water retention. This is particularly valuable in urban settings where soils are often compacted or depleted.
Once established, these planting schemes generally require less ongoing maintenance than more traditional approaches. Dense vegetation limits weed growth and reduces the need for frequent intervention, helping to manage long-term costs. For developers and organisations, this approach supports sustainability objectives and demonstrates a clear commitment to responsible landscape design, while delivering spaces that are both functional and resilient.
Case Study: a tiny forest along the road network in Devon
Earlier this year, Greenwood was delighted to have supplied plants to the creation of a brand new tiny forest, as part of the Community Trees programme with National Highways and The Tree Council. The project, organised by environmental charity Earthwatch Europe, Is the first of its kind to be planted along a major road network, and will help to boost biodiversity in the neighbouring habitats to the main road.
The forest was planted with a mix of native species, following the principles of the Miyawaki method, with the aim of enhancing local biodiversity, absorbing CO₂, and creating a natural barrier against pollution and noise. The project helps to demonstrate how greenery can be integrated into complex contexts without interfering with existing infrastructure.
Using the Miyawaki method shows how it’s possible to rethink the way we design greenery, especially in urban and commercial contexts. Micro forests prove that even limited spaces can become active resources, helping make cities more resilient and functional.
The role of nurseries is crucial: providing suitable, healthy, and well-selected plants is the first step in building stable ecosystems. And it is precisely from here that we can continue to develop solutions that work with nature, creating real value for the landscape and for people.
For more information about planting for thriving tiny forests, speak to the G Team today.